dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake).addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain reward systems.
addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences.Addiction can occur in the absence of dependence, and dependence can occur in the absence of addiction, although the two can occur together.įurther information: Substance abuse and Substance-related disorder Addiction and dependence glossary Addiction is the compulsive use of a substance or performance of a behavior that is independent of withdrawal. An important distinction between drug addiction and dependence is that drug dependence is a disorder in which cessation of drug use results in an unpleasant state of withdrawal, which can lead to further drug use. The term addiction is frequently misused when referring to other compulsive behaviors or disorders, particularly dependence, in news media. With the introduction of the ICD-11 gaming addiction was appended. The only behavioral addiction recognized by the DSM-5 and the ICD-10 is gambling addiction. Alternatively, behavioral addictions may include gambling addiction, internet addiction, video game addiction, pornography addiction and sexual addiction. Įxamples of drug (or more generally, substance) addictions include alcoholism, marijuana addiction, amphetamine addiction, cocaine addiction, nicotine addiction, opioid addiction, and eating or food addiction. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Classic signs of addiction include compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, preoccupation with substances or behavior, and continued use despite negative consequences. This phenomenon – drugs reshaping brain function – has led to an understanding of addiction as a brain disorder with a complex variety of psychosocial as well as neurobiological (and thus involuntary) factors that are implicated in addiction's development. Repetitive drug use alters brain function in ways that perpetuate craving, and weakens (but does not completely negate) self-control. consuming drugs, excessively gambling), despite their harmful consequences. Psychiatry, clinical psychology, toxicology, addiction medicineĪddiction is a neuropsychological symptom defining pervasive and intense urge to engage in maladaptive behaviors providing immediate sensory rewards (e.g. Brain positron emission tomography images that compare brain metabolism in a healthy individual and an individual with a cocaine addiction
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